Lithium-ion battery thermal management for electric vehicles …
Wide wire metal film, a battery pack: 90 W, −40 °C: 15 min: 0 °C: The heating device has a straightforward design [65] High current heating of the battery cell: 50 A, −20°c 300 A, −10°c 300 A, −0°c: 83.3 min 16.7 min 16.7 min: −5°c 15°c 25°c: Deterioration is sped up because of the high current [93] PTC self-heating battery ...